Experience

Experience is the first studio album by The Prodigy, released on XL Recordings on September 28th, 1991. While producing this album, Liam Howlett used a lot of gear designed by Roland, including a W-30 workstation, a U-220 rack-mountable rompler, as well as an Alpha Juno-2 and a Jupiter-8.

As you can see by the length of this list, Experience is the most sample-based album ever produced by Liam. Techno & rave tracks from the early 90s, funk and soul recordings, hip-hop beats and even the 80s synth-pop and classic hard rock – young Howlett sampled every record he had on his hands. Don’t be a stranger: dive into the list that we’ve carefully gathered! Sure enough, you’ll find some forgotten classics to add into your own music or sampling collection.

LP
JERICHO
    Sample: vocals (‘the horns of Jericho’)
    Sample source: Hijack – The Badman Is Robbin’ (A Capella) [The Badman Is Robbin’, 1989]
    Sample: scream
    Sample source: AC/DC – For Those About To Rock (We Salute You) [For Those About To Rock (We Salute You), 1981]
    Sample: beat #1
    Sample source: Manix – Feel Real Good (Remix) [Manic Minds EP (Remixes), 1991]
    Original source: Main Source – Peace Is Not The Word To Play [Breaking Atoms, 1991]
    Sample: melody
    Interpolation source: The Revolutionaries – Kunta Kinte [Kunta Kinte, 1976]
    Also can be found in: Satin Storm – Satin Storm [First E.P., 1990]
    Note: This is not a sample, but straight up plagiarism. Liam took the melody and added a couple notes at the end of it.
    Sample: vocals (‘feel the bass come down on me’) & strings
    Sample source: Jungle Brothers – What “U” Waitin’ “4”? [Done By The Forces Of Nature, 1989]
    Note: Even though the clean sample of ‘feel the bass come down on me’ can be found in ‘What “U” Waitin’ “4”? (Jungle Fever Mix)’, the sample was taken from the original mix. If you listen closely, you can hear the strings sound in the background. It can be heard well enough in ‘Jericho (Live Version)’ from the ‘Out Of Space’ single.
    Sample: pitched-up vocals (‘love me all the while and be by my side’)
    Sample source: Anthony Malvo & Tiger – Come Back To Me [Massive 3, 1989]
    Sample: bass
    Sample source: The Hypnotist – Night Of The Livin’ E Heads [The Hardcore E.P, 1991]
    Sample: vocals (‘keep on dancing, keep on dancing, baby’) & instrumental
    Sample source: Jungle Brothers – What “U” Waitin’ “4”? [Done By The Forces Of Nature, 1989]
    Sample: beat #2
    Sample source: Gang Starr – Jazz Thing (Instrumental) [Jazz Thing, 1990]
    Original source: Kool And The Gang – Give It Up [Kool And The Gang, 1970]
    Note: The beat can be heard clearly at the 3 minute mark.
MUSIC REACH 1/2/3/4
    Sample: vocals (‘one, two, three, four’)
    Sample source: Big Daddy Kane – Set It Off (Extended Mix) [Set It Off, 1988]
    Original source: Lyn Collins – We Want To Parrty, Parrty, Parrty – Part I [We Want To Parrty, Parrty, Parrty, 1973]
    Sample: beat #1
    Sample source: Addis Posse – Let The Warriors Dance (Funky Funky Drum Drum Mix) [Let The Warriors Dance, 1990]
    Sample: beat #2 & bass
    Sample source: Shut Up & Dance – This Town Needs A Sheriff (Remix) [Derek Went Mad (Remix) / This Town Needs A Sheriff (Remix), 1991]
    Sample: bell
    Sample source: Mixmaster Gee – The Manipulator (Dub Mix) [The Manipulator, 1986]
    Sample: vocals (‘make me wanna’)
    Sample source: James Brown – Shout And Shimmy [Good, Good, Twistin’ With James Brown, 1962]
WIND IT UP
    Sample: vocals (‘wind it up!’)
    Sample source: Just-Ice – Latoya [Back To The Old School, 1986]
    Sample: vocals (‘equal rights and justice in this time’ & ‘ooh-ooo-aah’) & instrumental
    Sample source: Anthony Johnson – Equal Rights [Don Carlos with Anthony Johnson & Little John – Rasta Brothers, 1985]
    Sample: beat #1
    Sample source: The Bogey Man – Horrors! (Asylum Dub Mix) [Horrors!, 1991]
    Sample: beat #2 & bass
    Sample source: Ultramagnetic MC’s – A Chorus Line (Instrumental) [Traveling At The Speed Of Thought / A Chorus Line, 1989]
    Sample: vocal fx
    Sample source: Zero-G – Datafile One [1991] – Track 44
    Original source: Time Zone – The Wildstyle [The Wildstyle, 1983]
YOUR LOVE REMIX
 Sorry, but this publication has been moved to the archive!
HYPERSPEED G-FORCE PART 2
    Sample: space mission radio (‘Columbia now at 9 times the speed of sound… roger that, and I got a solid TACAN lock on… preplanned trajectory…’)
    Sample source: Kate Bush – Hello Earth [Hounds Of Love, 1985]
    Original source: NASA – The STS-1 mission audio archive – 619-AAB [1981]
    Sample: fx (at 0:30)
    Sample source: Mantronix – Bassline [The Album, 1985]
    Original source: Newcleus – Automan (Dub Version) [Auto Man, 1984]
    Sample: beat
    Sample source: T La Rock – Breaking Bells (Dub) [Breaking Bells / Bass Machine, 1986]
    Sample: break (at 0:57 and throughout)
    Sample source: Ultramagnetic MC’s – Critical Beatdown [Critical Beatdown, 1988]
    Sample: vocals (‘let’s jet out, we’ll cruise at hyperspeed, I’ve got the beat, I’ve got the beat, and that’s all we need, check it out!’) & instrumental
    Sample source: Captain Rock – The Return Of Capt. Rock [The Return Of Capt. Rock, 1983]
    Note: The line ‘to move your feet’ wasn’t used, ‘I’ve got the beat’ was used twice instead.
    Sample: vocals (‘hip-hop!’)
    Sample source: Asher D featuring Daddy Freddy – Ragamuffin Rub-A-Dub-Apella [Ragamuffin Hip-Hop, 1987]
    Sample: scream (‘aargh!’)
    Sample source: Big Daddy Kane – Just Rhymin’ With Biz [Long Live The Kane, 1988]
CHARLY TRIP INTO DRUM AND BASS VERSION
 Sorry, but this publication has been moved to the archive!
OUT OF SPACE
 Sorry, but this publication has been moved to the archive!
EVERYBODY IN THE PLACE 155 AND RISING
 Sorry, but this publication has been moved to the archive!
WEATHER EXPERIENCE
    Sample: synth
    Sample source: Roland Alpha Juno-2 – Factory Programs B – B71 Machines
    Sample: melody
    Interpolation source: Queen – The Kiss (Aura Resurrects Flash) [Flash Gordon (Original Soundtrack Music), 1980]
    Note: Liam replayed the melody with slight changes.
    Sample: flute
    Sample source: Roland U-220 – Patches – 39 Flute
    Sample: pitched-down tambourine
    Sample source: Roland W-30 – Factory A Patches – P1 Drums-Perc
    Sample: noise fx
    Sample source: Kraftwerk – Tour De France (Remix) [Tour De France (Remix), 1984]
    Sample: beat
    Sample source: Uptown – Dope On Plastic (Dubstrumental) [Dope On Plastic / It’s My Turn, 1989]
    Original source: Kool And The Gang – Give It Up [Kool And The Gang, 1970]
    Sample: sonar fx
    Sample source: Pink Floyd – Echoes [Meddle, 1971]
    Sample: heartbeat & high string note
    Sample source: Flowmasters – Let It Take Control (Heartbeat Mix) [Energy Dawn EP, 1989]
    Sample: wind fx
    Sample source: Roland Jupiter-8 – Patches – 66 SOLAR WINDS
    Sample: thunder fx
    Sample source: unknown
    Also can be found in: E-Lab – X-Static Goldmine 3 [1998] – 6607 WARFX
FIRE SUNRISE VERSION
    Sample: rave synth stab
    Sample source: unknown
    Also can be found in: Force Mass Motion – Panic [The Stone Of The 5th Sun, 1992]
    Sample: scratch
    Sample source: Run-DMC – Peter Piper [Raising Hell, 1986]
    Sample: beat #1
    Sample source: Renegade Soundwave – Transworld Siren [In Dub, 1990]
    Sample: vocals (‘fire’) & drums
    Sample source: Daddy Freddy – Live Jam [1989 Hustlers Convention Live, 1989]
    Sample: beat #2
    Sample source: Demon Boyz – Dett (Speaker Feeder Mix) [Dett, 1992]
    Sample: vocals (‘I am the god of hellfire and I bring you’)
    Sample source: The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown – Fire [The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown, 1968]
    Note: XL Recordings had to pay 3.000 pounds for Liam to be able to use this sample source. Info featured in the ‘Future Music’ magazine (02/1993).
    Sample: bell (at 0:45 and throughout)
    Sample source: Roland U-220 – Timbres – 054 Spect Bell
    Sample: vocals (‘woo-hoo!’)
    Sample source: Circuit featuring Koffi – Shelter Me (Acapella) [Shelter Me, 1990]
    Sample: vocals (‘are you ready?’)
    Sample source: Aswad – Soca Rumba [Live & Direct, 1983]
    Sample: vocals (‘when I was a youth I used to burn collie weed in a rizzla’) & instrumental
    Sample source: Pablo Gad – Hard Times [Hard Times, 1980]
RUFF IN THE JUNGLE BIZNESS
    Sample: jungle ambience
    Sample source: Plez – Can’t Stop (Acid Rain Forest Mix) [Can’t Stop, 1990]
    Sample: shout
    Sample source: Wilson Picket – Get Me Back On Time, Engine Number 9 [Wilson Pickett’s Greatest Hits, 1973]
    Sample: beat
    Sample source: Paris – Escape From Babylon [The Devil Made Me Do It, 1990]
    Original source: Southside Movement – Save The World [Movin’, 1974]
    Sample: vocals (illegible)
    Sample source: Asher D & Daddy Freddy – The Raggamuffin Duo Take Charge [1989 Hustlers Convention Live, 1989]
DEATH OF THE PRODIGY DANCERS LIVE
    Sample: vocals (‘let it rock you’) & instrumental
    Sample source: Bomb The Bass – Megablast (Original Rap) [Megablast / Don’t Make Me Wait, 1988]
    Sample: vocals (‘bass’)
    Sample source: The House Crew – Keep The Fire Burning [Keep The Fire Burning / Get On Up, 1991]
    Sample: heartbeat & high string note
    Sample source: Flowmasters – Let It Take Control (Heartbeat Mix) [Energy Dawn EP, 1989]
    Note: This sample is added at the end of the live version of the track from the ‘Experience’ album.
SINGLES
CHARLY ALLEY CAT MIX
 Sorry, but this publication has been moved to the archive!
CHARLY BELTRAM SAYS MIX
    Sample: break
    Sample source: Rhythm Section – Feel The Rhythm [Comin’ On Strong EP, 1991]
CHARLY ORIGINAL MIX
 Sorry, but this publication has been moved to the archive!
CRAZY MAN
    Sample: vocals (‘crazy!’) & fx
    Sample source: Jazzy Jeff – Mix So I Can Go Crazy [On Fire, 1985]
    Sample: scream
    Sample source: Dillinger – I Thirst [Cocaine, 1983]
    Sample: break
    Sample source: MC Duke – I’m Riffin’ (English Rasta) (Smokin’ Beats) [I’m Riffin’ (English Rasta), 1989]
    Sample: synth stab
    Sample source: The Badman Presents N.D.X. – Come With Me (Naked Dance Mix) [Come With Me / Higher Than Heaven, 1991]
    Sample: shout (‘ho-ho!’)
    Sample source: Just-Ice – Put The Record Back On [Back To The Old School, 1986]
EVERYBODY IN THE PLACE DANCE HALL VERSION
 Sorry, but this publication has been moved to the archive!
EVERYBODY IN THE PLACE FAIRGROUND REMIX
 Sorry, but this publication has been moved to the archive!
FIRE BURNING VERSION
    Sample: vocals (‘fire’) #1 & drums #1
    Sample source: The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown – Fire [The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown, 1968]
    Sample: vocals (‘how ya feeling in the party? are you ready?’)
    Sample source: Aswad – Soca Rumba [Live & Direct, 1983]
    Sample: beat
    Sample source: DJ Mink – Hey! Hey! Can U Relate (Hard Instrumental) [Hey! Hey! Can U Relate, 1990]
    Original source: The Beginning Of The End – Funky Nassau (Part2) [Funky Nassau, 1971]
    Sample: vocals (‘I am the god of hellfire and I bring you’)
    Sample source: The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown – Fire [The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown, 1968]
    Sample: bell #1 (at 0:37 and throughout)
    Sample source: Roland U-220 – Timbres – 054 Spect Bell
    Sample: vocals (‘fire’) #2 & drums #2
    Sample source: Daddy Freddy – Live Jam [1989 Hustlers Convention Live, 1989]
    Sample: bell #2 (at 0:50 and throughout)
    Sample source: Roland U-220 – Patches – 09 Bell
    Sample: vocals (‘when I was a youth I used to burn collie weed in a rizzla’) & instrumental
    Sample source: Pablo Gad – Hard Times [Hard Times, 1980]
G-FORCE ENERGY FLOW
    Sample: strings
    Sample source: Roland U-220 – Patches – 17 Strings
    Sample: saxophone
    Sample source: Roland U-220 – Tones – 089 SAX 4
    Sample: bell
    Sample source: Roland U-220 – Timbres – 054 Spect Bell
    Sample: vocals (‘non-stop energy, that’s the true goal’) & instrumental
    Sample source: Bomb The Bass – Megablast (Original Rap) [Megablast / Don’t Make Me Wait, 1988]
    Sample: shout (‘wooo!’)
    Sample source: Janet Jackson – The Pleasure Principle (A Cappella) [The Pleasure Principle, 1986]
    Sample: pitched-down tambourine
    Sample source: Roland W-30 – Factory A Patches – P1 Drums-Perc
    Sample: vocals (‘everybody’)
    Sample source: Kool & The Gang – Ride The Rhythm [Spirit Of The Boogie, 1975]
JERICHO GENASIDE II REMIX
    Sample: vocals (‘hey poor, you don’t have to be poor anymore!’)
    Sample source: Front 242 – Welcome To Paradise V1.0 [Front By Front, 1988]
    Sample: beatbox
    Sample source: Jungle Brothers – On The Run [Straight Out The Jungle, 1988]
    Sample: vocals (‘and you thought the beat slowed down, come on!’) & instrumental
    Sample source: Public Enemy – Power To The People [Fear Of A Black Planet, 1990]
    Sample: beat & rewind fx
    Sample source: Kobalt 60 – Concrete Show (Instrumental) [Kaos From Order, 1991]
    Sample: synth & melody #1
    Sample source: Nitzer Ebb – Let Beauty Loose [That Total Age, 1987]
    Sample: synth & melody #2
    Sample source: Yello – Angel No [Stella, 1985]
OUT OF SPACE CELESTIAL BODIES MIX
    Sample: beat
    Sample source: Queen Latifah – Evil That Men Do [All Hail The Queen, 1989]
    Sample: rave synth stab (at 1:22 and throughout)
    Sample source: Shades Of Rhythm – Homicide [Homicide / Exorcist, 1990]
    Note: In ‘Homicide’, there are several notes that the producer of this mix could have used, but for some reason he used the fourth one.
OUT OF SPACE MILLENIUM MIX
    Sample: beat
    Sample source: Queen Latifah – Evil That Men Do [All Hail The Queen, 1989]
    Sample: rave synth stab (at 4:37 and throughout)
    Sample source: Shades Of Rhythm – Homicide [Homicide / Exorcist, 1990]
    Note: In ‘Homicide’, there are several notes that the producer of this mix could have used, but for some reason he used the fourth one.
OUT OF SPACE TECHNO UNDERWORLD REMIX
    Sample: synth loop
    Sample source: John + Julie feat. Auriole – Circles (Round And Round) (Vicious Mix) [Circles (Round And Round), 1991]
    Sample: vocals (‘I’ll take your brain to another dimension, hold it, pay close attention’) & instrumental
    Sample source: Ultramagnetic MC’s – Critical Beatdown [Critical Beatdown, 1988]
    Sample: fx (at 0:48 and throughout)
    Sample source: Mantronix – Bassline [The Album, 1985]
    Original source: Newcleus – Automan (Dub Version) [Auto Man, 1984]
PANDEMONIUM
    Sample: beat & shout (‘ha!’)
    Sample source: Commodores – The Assembly Line [Machine Gun, 1974]
    Sample: vocals (‘I just can’t hold back’)
    Sample source: Big Daddy Kane – Set It Off [Long Live The Kane, 1988]
    Sample: fx loop
    Sample source: Holy Noise – Father Forgive Them (The Trends Mix) [Father Forgive Them, 1990]
    Sample: vocals (‘drop the bass now’)
    Sample source: Rhythmatic – Take Me Back (Bass-Head Mix) [Take Me Back, 1990]
    Sample: vocals (‘uh’)
    Sample source: Big Daddy Kane – Big Daddy’s Theme [It’s A Big Daddy Thing, 1989]
RIP UP THE SOUND SYSTEM
    Sample: vocals (‘hold up!’)
    Sample source: Boogie Down Productions – Stop The Violence [Live Hardcore Worldwide, 1991]
    Sample: shout
    Sample source: Wilson Picket – Get Me Back On Time, Engine Number 9 [Wilson Pickett’s Greatest Hits, 1973]
    Sample: vocals (‘hold it!’)
    Sample source: Daddy Freddy – Live Jam [1989 Hustlers Convention Live, 1989]
    Sample: vocals (‘only if you’re ready for this’)
    Sample source: Boogie Down Productions – Stop The Violence [Live Hardcore Worldwide, 1991]
    Sample: beat
    Sample source: DJ Mink – Hey! Hey! Can U Relate (Hard Instrumental) [Hey! Hey! Can U Relate, 1990]
    Original source: The Beginning Of The End – Funky Nassau (Part2) [Funky Nassau, 1971]
    Sample: bubble fx
    Sample source: Roland Jupiter-8 – Patches – 54 BIRDS
    Sample: vocals (‘rip up the sound system!’)
    Sample source: Boogie Down Productions – Stop The Violence [Live Hardcore Worldwide, 1991]
    Sample: vocals (‘now hear this’)
    Sample source: Demon Boyz & Daddy Freddy – Come Selector [1989 Hustlers Convention Live, 1989]
    Sample: vocals (‘fifty thousand watts of funkin’ hip-hop power’)
    Sample source: Terminator X – No Further [Terminator X & The Valley Of The Jeep Beets, 1991]
    Sample: vocals (‘here we go, yo’)
    Sample source: Boogie Down Productions – Kenny Parker Intro [Live Hardcore Worldwide, 1991]
RUFF IN THE JUNGLE BIZNESS UPLIFTING VIBES REMIX
    Sample: break
    Sample source: Dennis Coffey And The Detroit Guitar Band – Scorpio [Evolution, 1971]
    Sample: fx
    Sample source: Mantronix – Bassline [The Album, 1985]
    Original source: Newcleus – Automan (Dub Version) [Auto Man, 1984]
    Sample: snare
    Sample source: Hardnoise – Untitled (Instrumental) [Untitled, 1990]
WE ARE THE RUFFEST
    Sample: banjo
    Sample source: E-mu Proteus/3 – Patches – 003 Blue Grass
    Sample: vocals (‘everytime we play, we are the ruffest, we are the ruffest – see’) & instrumental
    Sample source: The Sindecut – Live The Life [Changing The Scenery, 1990]
    Note: The sample source is listed in the booklet of ‘Their Law – The Singles 1990-2005’: ‘We Are The Ruffest’ features a sample taken from: ‘Live the Life’ performed by The Sindecut, published in 1990 by W.M.A. Music and owned by Virgin Records.
    Sample: beat #1
    Sample source: Nu-Matic – All Over Me (Original Mix) [Spring In My Step, 1992]
    Sample: beat #2
    Sample source: N.W.A. – Straight Outta Compton [Straight Outta Compton, 1988]
    Note: This beat is present in the versions released by XL Recordings (UK) and Elektra (US), but is missing in the ones released by Torso Records (Netherlands) and Intercord (Germany).
    Sample: noise fx
    Sample source: Kraftwerk – Tour De France (Remix) [Tour De France (Remix), 1984]
WIND IT UP BONUS BEATS
    Sample: beat
    Sample source: N.W.A. – Express Yourself (Bonus Beats) [Express Yourself, 1989]
    Sample: vocoder (‘move your body’)
    Sample source: Hashim – Al Naafiysh (The Soul) (The “It’s” About “Time” Remix) [Cutting Remixes – Vol. 1, 1987]
WIND IT UP FORWARD WIND
    Sample: beat
    Sample source: The Bogey Man – Horrors! (Asylum Dub Mix) [Horrors!, 1991]
    Sample: break #1
    Sample source: Zero-G – Datafile Three [1992] – Track 08
    Original source: Tommy Roe – Sweet Pea [Sweet Pea, 1966]
    Sample: break #2
    Sample source: DJ Food – Black Ice [Jazz Brakes Volume 2, 1991]
    Sample: rave synth stab (at 1:54 and throughout)
    Sample source: Landlord featuring Dex Danclair – I Like It (Blow Out Dub) [I Like It, 1989]
WIND IT UP REWOUND
    Sample: vocals (‘wind it up!’)
    Sample source: Just-Ice – Latoya [Back To The Old School, 1986]
    Sample: beat #1
    Sample source: The Bogey Man – Horrors! (Asylum Dub Mix) [Horrors!, 1991]
    Sample: beat #2 & bass
    Sample source: Ultramagnetic MC’s – A Chorus Line (Instrumental) [Traveling At The Speed Of Thought / A Chorus Line, 1989]
    Sample: vocals (‘equal rights and justice in this time’ & ‘ooh-ooo-aah’) & instrumental
    Sample source: Anthony Johnson – Equal Rights [Don Carlos with Anthony Johnson & Little John – Rasta Brothers, 1985]
    Sample: melody
    Interpolation source: Axe Corner – Out-SLD [Tortuga, 1991]
    Note: The melody from ‘Out-SLD’ was replayed as is.
WIND IT UP TIGHTLY WOUND
    Sample: vocals (‘play the nine nine number and the people get sick’)
    Sample source: Ace The Space – 9 Is A Classic (Ultimate Rave Remix) [9 Is A Classic (Remixes), 1992]
    Original source: The 45 King – The 900 Number (YZ Acappella Vocal) [The 900 Number EP, 1991]
    Sample: synth
    Sample source: Ace The Space – 9 Is A Classic (Ultimate Rave Remix) [9 Is A Classic (Remixes), 1992]
    Sample: breakdown fx
    Sample source: Zero-G – Datafile Two [1991] – Track 36
    Sample: outro fx loop
    Sample source: Zero-G – Datafile Two [1991] – Track 30
WIND IT UP UNWIND
    Sample: female vocals
    Sample source: Zero-G – Datafile Two [1991] – Track 21
    Original source: Ecstasy, Passion & Pain – Touch & Go (Acapella) [Acapella Anonymous Vol. #1, 1986]
YOUR LOVE
 Sorry, but this publication has been moved to the archive!
RARE STUFF
CHARLY REMIX ’91
    Sample: melody
    Interpolation source: Simple Minds – Theme For Great Cities [Sister Feelings Calls, 1981]
    Also can be found in: Corporation Of One – The Real Life [The Real Life, 1988]
    Note: Liam used the first part of the melody from ‘Theme For Great Cities’.
    Sample: beat
    Sample source: CJ Bolland – Horsepower [Ravesignal III, 1991]
    Sample: lead synth
    Sample source: Second Phase – Mentasm [Mentasm, 1991]
    Sample: vocals (‘miaow’ & ‘Charley says’)
    Sample source: Charley Says – Mummy Should Know [1973]
    Sample: vocals (‘come on’)
    Sample source: The D.O.C. – Portrait Of A Masterpiece [No One Can Do It Better, 1989]
    Sample: vocals (‘hold it’)
    Sample source: Daddy Freddy – Live Jam [1989 Hustlers Convention Live, 1989]
    Sample: vocals (‘let the bass go’)
    Sample source: The D.O.C. – Let The Bass Go [No One Can Do It Better, 1989]
    Sample: beatbox
    Sample source: James Brown – Godfather Runnin’ The Joint [I’m Real, 1988]

Donate

  •   Tether (USDT)
  •   Tether (USDT)
  • Donate Via Wallets

SBER (RUS): 8950008190б

 

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *